Tuesday, June 22, 2010
What is antibiotic resistance , how antibiotic resistance is developed , How antibiotic resistance is counteracted
Antibiotics are substances which are produced by microorganisms , and are able to kill or stop growth of microorganisms completely , when they are present in minute concentrations, antibiotics posses very complex stereo chemical structures which are highly susceptible for degradation or alteration by numerous factors like enzymatic actions or effluxing out or removing out absobed antibiotic from microbial cell , resulting in to nullification of microbicidal or microbistatic actions of these antibiotics.
Enzymes or efflux pumps which brings about degradation or alteration or exclusion or removal of an antibiotic are mostly induced in to microbial or bacterial metabolic systems once these microbes come in contact with these antibiotic substances,this is one of the protective mechanism of microorganisms.These microorganisms then develop a resistance for a particular antibiotic with which these microorganisms were in contact , thus an antibiotic become little or less or inactive against these microorganisms.
Efflux Pumps in microorganisms:
This in an protective systems works with numerous feedback mechanisms of microorganisms, it can be defined simply as removing out any toxic substance out of microbial cell , this is a proteinacious transport system of microorganisms , these proteins tag to a toxic substance in bacterial cell, here it is an antibiotic and remove them out of bacterial cell through active transport , which involves supplementation of energy through break down of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate ) molecule.
Neumerous drugs do develop drug resistance due to the phenomenons listed above.
How antibiotic resistance is counteracted
So far there is not a single drug is available which has proved to be effective in clinical trials that it can prove to be effective as efflux modifier , and help antibiotic to cary out the desired action.
There are some enzyme inhibitors currently in use which are listed below
Beta-lactamase inhibitors:
Are the class of drugs which are given in conjugation with beta-lactam antibiotics.
These molecules do not have any antibiotic activity but they enhance the antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics .
It is considered that beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins develop resistance as some microorganisms produce an enzyme beta-lactamase which casues breakdown of this beta lactam ring in betalactum antibiotics this betalactum ring is a piculiar characteristic of betalactum antibiotics.
1.Clavulanic acid and its slt with potassium , potassium clavulanate is formulated along with amoxicillin.
2.Sulbactam is formulated with cefoperazone and ampicillin
sulbactum binds with betalactumase irreversibly there by protecting actual antibiotics from anzymatic degradation.
3.Tazobactam is also a beta-lactamase inhibitor it is formulated with piperacillin
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http://whoguideline.blogspot.com/2010/04/terminalogy-and-their-explanations.html
Pharmaceutical Aseptic Manufacturing Process Terms , Terminology and Definations.
http://whoguideline.blogspot.com/2010/02/pharmaceutical-aseptic-manufacturing.html
Here are some articles which will be useful for you in further understanding of aspects of sterile dosage form manufacturing and regulatory affairs and good manufacturing practice in pharmaceutical industry
Pharmaceutical Validation
Types of validations in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Requirements of documents for validation of sterilisation process
How to investigate OOS out of specification results
Determination of Phenol coeeficient of a disinfectant
Sterility testing
Cleen Room Classification
Time limitations in sterile pharmaceuticals processing
Aspects of validation of manufacturing process in sterile pharmaceuticals
Clinical Trials
Controling Pyrogens in injectable dosage forms
Media fill run process simulation aspects Validation of Aseptic Process and Sterilisation
New Drug Application (NDA) how to make a New Drug Application (NDA) to US FDA
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) What is ANDA , detaied information about ANDA preparation and submission to US FDA
How to make Investigational New Drug (IND) Application to US FDA
Drug applications submission to us fda Over the counter Drugs OTC drugs
BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE REQUIREMENTS
Eletronic record in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry
Good manufacturing practice in pharmaceutical industry
Pharmaceutical industry pharmaceutical companies and FDA latest updates
Here is an intresting article on world wide pharmaceutical industry
Article on Pharmaceutical Industry pharmaceutical industry
Here are some interesting articles on Quality assurance systems for pharmaceutical company
1.Quality assurance in pharma industry
2.Quality by designe concept for pharmaceutical industry
3.Quality by designe concept in pharmaceutical industry an explanation
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Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Guidelines
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Technology RO Water Purification system
SOP for Mechanical Qualification of Dissolution Apparatus
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Sterile dosage form manufacturing facility inspection
Sterility testing in sterile dosage form
Sterility testing of Pharmaceuticals dosage forms
Transdermal Drug Delivery System
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Requirements Transdermal drug delivery system
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Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal Antibodies, What are Antibodies
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